An expert on fruit fly taxonomy is given a trap used in a government-supported survey of citrus orchards. Using morphology and a reliable molecular test, she identifies a fruit fly that has never been reported in her country. An official record of the find is reviewed by the government-authorized laboratories and published in an official government document.

A university scientist who works with melon growers performs a survey to determine which diseases are present on melons in his country. The scientist identifies one fungus isolated during this survey as new to the country. He deposits a culture of the fungus in a national collection. The scientist publishes a first report of this fungus in a peer-reviewed journal.

A scientist who normally works on food-quality issues finds a fungus he thinks is new on apples in storage at a market. He isn't sure where the apples were harvested and keeps the fungus in his laboratory only as long as needed to make an identification. He reports his discovery to the national laboratory, where the identification is placed on a list in an internal database.

A technician with a crop protection company regularly walks fields of potatoes. In one of the fields, he sees a disease he thinks is new to the country based on images he saw on the computer. He writes a short description to be shared with the growers who work with his company.

A member of a botanical society finds what she thinks is a new weed in the state where she lives. She makes a drawing of the plant, which she sends to the other members of the botanical society.